We left off- Israelis declaring Independence. Jordanians took over the east
The Palistenians ended up with nothing. Jordan arrived on May 16, 1948. The occupation by both Israel and Jordan was considered illegal by the UN. The “Catastrophe” referred both to the establishment of Israeli state and the assertion of Jordanian control of the West Bank. Jordan develops tourism when they realized there was a lot of money to be made. There was one hotel in 1948, and 70 hotels by 1967. The Israeles stay there till ’67 and ’68.
Soviets tell Syria that there is going to be an attack.
During the British Mandate, They were western occupiers in control of Palestine. They were in control of the King David Hotel and it was their administrative base for military operations in Trans Jordan. Igrugun (an armed paramilitary group that is not affiliated with a particular recognized state) bombed the hotel to kill what they perceived to be military targets– is this terrorism? Or enemy combats? Within 21st century Jerusalem the apartheid fence was put up. The Israelis are building the wall in and around the villages.
Jerusalem the Holy City
Monday, March 14, 2011
Wednesday, March 9, 2011
3/8/11
In this class we are talking about 20th Century Jerusalem. 1882- marks the beginning of Secular Zionist. At this point, there was an increase in importance of Changing demographics in Jerusalem. There was a fund established to buy land in Palestine so they can colonize for Jews. But the Orthodox Jews reject Zionism as impious (saying you need to live the lifestyle of a Jew). Theodore Herzel calls for a state for Jews. The Sanctity of Jerusalem plays no role in Herzl’s vision. What was important to them was a Jewish state. Zionists build Tel Aviv (Not Jerusalem, it’s built a new city from scratch). Tel Aviv has modern problems just like LA
Next we discussed the rise of Anti- Semitism and Immigration. With the rise of European Nationalism- where was the land of the Jews? When the Jews become very established and very successful in Europe people began to get angry and blame them for the problems. They weren’t “like them” so they marginalized them. Often it was the Christians/ Catholics that were instigating Anti-Sematism in 1840. It wasn’t just a German problem, and it didn’t stop when Hitler was killed. The percentage of Jews rose from 19% to 28% in Palestine.
Everything changed with WWI (1914-1917). The Ottomons align with Germany against France and Britain. The Armenians flee genocide in Turkey and the Armenian quarter swells. The British use Palestine to break “stalemate”. In the Balfour Declaration (1917) the Brits are very quietly going to support the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine because before this, the Ottomons controlled Palestine so long as the existing civil and religious rights of existing non jewish communities are preserved. From 1918-1948 the Brits take control. They attempt to protect the holy places of all faiths. Churchill’s white paper clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration. At first, Britian supported a continuation of a Jewish community in Palestine but also Palestinian communities but there was confusion between whose side they were on… the Palestinian state or the Jewish state- they both thought they were going to help them. White papers did not really clarify just said the same thing “louder”. Jewish and Arab militant factions are starting to grow in response to this white paper, fighting one another.
The Peel Commission 1937 called for partisan of Palestine. They propose a 2 state nation. The Jewish state in Galilee, Upper Jordan Valley, Coastal Plain and the Arab state in Central Hills, West Bank, and Negev. Jerusalem was accepted as an “international city” and it was accepted by the UN. The Jews said that it was a bare minimum, they accepted it but would not accept anything less. The Arabs rejected it since in their mind they controlled all of it. Fights began to break out in Jerusalem and a civil war begins. Israel got a state out of it and Jordan got a state out of it. Israelis and Jordanians are the “Winners”. Today, the temple mount is owned by the Jordanians
Next we discussed the rise of Anti- Semitism and Immigration. With the rise of European Nationalism- where was the land of the Jews? When the Jews become very established and very successful in Europe people began to get angry and blame them for the problems. They weren’t “like them” so they marginalized them. Often it was the Christians/ Catholics that were instigating Anti-Sematism in 1840. It wasn’t just a German problem, and it didn’t stop when Hitler was killed. The percentage of Jews rose from 19% to 28% in Palestine.
Everything changed with WWI (1914-1917). The Ottomons align with Germany against France and Britain. The Armenians flee genocide in Turkey and the Armenian quarter swells. The British use Palestine to break “stalemate”. In the Balfour Declaration (1917) the Brits are very quietly going to support the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine because before this, the Ottomons controlled Palestine so long as the existing civil and religious rights of existing non jewish communities are preserved. From 1918-1948 the Brits take control. They attempt to protect the holy places of all faiths. Churchill’s white paper clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration. At first, Britian supported a continuation of a Jewish community in Palestine but also Palestinian communities but there was confusion between whose side they were on… the Palestinian state or the Jewish state- they both thought they were going to help them. White papers did not really clarify just said the same thing “louder”. Jewish and Arab militant factions are starting to grow in response to this white paper, fighting one another.
The Peel Commission 1937 called for partisan of Palestine. They propose a 2 state nation. The Jewish state in Galilee, Upper Jordan Valley, Coastal Plain and the Arab state in Central Hills, West Bank, and Negev. Jerusalem was accepted as an “international city” and it was accepted by the UN. The Jews said that it was a bare minimum, they accepted it but would not accept anything less. The Arabs rejected it since in their mind they controlled all of it. Fights began to break out in Jerusalem and a civil war begins. Israel got a state out of it and Jordan got a state out of it. Israelis and Jordanians are the “Winners”. Today, the temple mount is owned by the Jordanians
Saturday, March 5, 2011
3/3/11
This lecture began with a continuation of the crusades lecture. We then discussed how Abbasid caliph Al-Ma-mun takes credit for building the Dome of the Rock in the 9th century, but forgets to erase the date of the construction, 72nd year of Moslem era. I found that hilarious. His lack of thought evidenced by this forgetfulness explains why he had to steal credit in the first place- he did not have the creativity to create something of his own.
We also talked about post-crusades Jerusalem- Ayyubid Jerusalem 1187-1250. Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin on Sept 26, 1187. The Legend of Saladin grows out of the contrast between saladin and the crusaders. Saladin knew he had won the city so he let everyone else go if they wanted to compared to many other people who just slaughtered the city. He allowed for other holy sites and religions since they were there first but said it was a Muslim city. Ayybids and Crusaders struggled over Jerusalem.
Important fact: The Western wall is not the one wall left from the temple. It is the western wall of the retaining structure upon which the temple was built.
Next week we are going to get into modern Jerusalem and on Thursday will review and ask the professor any questions we might have :).
We also talked about post-crusades Jerusalem- Ayyubid Jerusalem 1187-1250. Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin on Sept 26, 1187. The Legend of Saladin grows out of the contrast between saladin and the crusaders. Saladin knew he had won the city so he let everyone else go if they wanted to compared to many other people who just slaughtered the city. He allowed for other holy sites and religions since they were there first but said it was a Muslim city. Ayybids and Crusaders struggled over Jerusalem.
Important fact: The Western wall is not the one wall left from the temple. It is the western wall of the retaining structure upon which the temple was built.
Next week we are going to get into modern Jerusalem and on Thursday will review and ask the professor any questions we might have :).
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
3/1/11
This lecture was presented by a friend of Professor Cargill, since he was out of town that day. We discussed Crusader Jerusalem (1099-1187). First I will define Crusade: an expedition authorized by the Pope on Christs behalf where vows are taken and protections are afforded to you. Next I will define Indulgence: remission of penalties due for sins that was granted to crusaders- You get it by contributing to funds, preaching it, collecting money, settling as a colonist in the Holy Land.
I found the factors contributing to Crusades to be quite interesting. First, there were political factors: the emergence of holy roman empire in western Europe and divisions among Christianity. Then there were religious factors: a holy war mentality, Religious persecutions, the Holy Sepulcher set on fire dome collapses and kills Patriarch of Jerusalem in 965 in connection with the descent of the holy fire on easter. It was difficult for Christians to pilgramage to Jerusalem.
Lastly, Pope Urban II’s speech in 1905 where he Christians encouraged to go and take Jerusalem was probably the most influential factor contributing to the crusades. He called people to pick up a weapon and fight the Turks. He called the rich and poor to head off on a foot journey or by boat and work their way across the Mediterranean. Yet, it has unintended consequences- he is blown away by storm at the response of the people (Everyone agrees! And drops what they are doing and large scale masses head to fight heeding the call of the pope) He also says there will be a remission of sins for those who go, the faithful people in Europe who are listening. I find this "remission of sins" and "indulgence" to be quite sickening. I cant even fathom how the Christians thought that this 'holy war' was actually something Jesus would have wanted them to participate in. To me, it seems to completely contradict EVERYTHING he taught.
I found the factors contributing to Crusades to be quite interesting. First, there were political factors: the emergence of holy roman empire in western Europe and divisions among Christianity. Then there were religious factors: a holy war mentality, Religious persecutions, the Holy Sepulcher set on fire dome collapses and kills Patriarch of Jerusalem in 965 in connection with the descent of the holy fire on easter. It was difficult for Christians to pilgramage to Jerusalem.
Lastly, Pope Urban II’s speech in 1905 where he Christians encouraged to go and take Jerusalem was probably the most influential factor contributing to the crusades. He called people to pick up a weapon and fight the Turks. He called the rich and poor to head off on a foot journey or by boat and work their way across the Mediterranean. Yet, it has unintended consequences- he is blown away by storm at the response of the people (Everyone agrees! And drops what they are doing and large scale masses head to fight heeding the call of the pope) He also says there will be a remission of sins for those who go, the faithful people in Europe who are listening. I find this "remission of sins" and "indulgence" to be quite sickening. I cant even fathom how the Christians thought that this 'holy war' was actually something Jesus would have wanted them to participate in. To me, it seems to completely contradict EVERYTHING he taught.
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